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  • Investing 101
    • Beginners Start Here – 10 Steps To Start Building Wealth
    • What Is the Stock Market? How It Works & How to Invest in It
    • How To Invest in an Index Fund – The Best Index Funds
    • Portfolio Asset Allocation by Age
    • How To Invest Your Emergency Fund
    • Portfolio Diversification – How To Diversify Your Portfolio
    • Dollar Cost Averaging vs. Lump Sum Investing (DCA vs. LSI)
    • How To Invest Your HSA (Health Savings Account)
    • Factor Investing and Factor ETFs – The Ultimate Guide
    • more…
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    • 60/40 Portfolio
    • more…
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    • VOO vs. VTI – Vanguard S&P 500 or Total Stock Market ETF?
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    • The Best Vanguard Dividend Funds – 4 Popular ETFs
    • The 5 Best Tech ETFs
    • The 7 Best Small Cap Value ETFs
    • The 6 Best ETFs for Taxable Accounts
    • The 5 Best Emerging Markets ETFs (1 From Vanguard) for 2023
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    • Leveraged Permanent Portfolio
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    • The Best M1 Finance Dividend Pie
    • The 11 Best Dividend ETFs
    • The Best Vanguard Dividend Funds – 4 Popular ETFs
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    • The 10 Best ETFs for Retirement Portfolios in 2023
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    • Backdoor Roth IRA Explained
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  • My Toolbox

Beginners Start Here – 10 Steps To Start Building Wealth

Last Updated: January 12, 2023 16 Comments – 6 min. read

I would have loved some sort of a roadmap laid out for me when I started over a decade ago. The goal of this page is to do just that, so that you can start building wealth today.

View this page as a reference sheet; a pathway along which you’ll progress; a general framework, from which the details branch off. I would suggest taking a brief look at all the steps first, and then slowly working through them in order. I’ll be updating and adding new resources below as things change. Links below will open in a new tab so that you can keep this page open. You can bookmark this page for later using Ctrl+D on Windows or Command+D on Mac.

Disclosure:  Some of the links on this page are referral links. At no additional cost to you, if you choose to make a purchase or sign up for a service after clicking through those links, I may receive a small commission. This allows me to continue producing high-quality, ad-free content on this site and pays for the occasional cup of coffee. I have first-hand experience with every product or service I recommend, and I recommend them because I genuinely believe they are useful, not because of the commission I get if you decide to purchase through my links. Read more here.

Contents

  • What Is the Stock Market?
  • 1. Build an Emergency Fund
  • 2. Pay Off High-Interest Debt
  • 3. Pick a Broker and Open an IRA
  • 4. Choose an Asset Allocation
  • 5. Choose Assets (Use Index Funds!)
  • 6. Diversify
  • 7. Invest in a Taxable Account
  • 8. Tweak as You See Fit
  • 9. Save Where You Can
  • 10. Sit Back and Relax, and Rebalance Annually

What Is the Stock Market?

Investing in the stock market is one of the most powerful and quickest ways to build wealth. First let’s explore that conceptual framework in which we’ll be working for investing:

  • What Is the Stock Market? How It Works & How to Invest in It
  • Portfolio Risk Explained
  • Dollar Cost Averaging vs. Lump Sum Investing (DCA vs. LSI)

1. Build an Emergency Fund

If you’re young, time is on your side. Compound interest and compound returns are extremely powerful over long investing periods, called your time horizon. Even if you’re not young, it’s never too late to get started. But before jumping into investing, you need to save up 3-6 months’ expenses in an emergency fund for a rainy day. Don’t worry, you can invest your emergency fund:

  • Why, Where, & How To Invest Your Emergency Fund To Beat Inflation
  • I Bonds (U.S. Government Savings Bonds) – The Ultimate Guide

2. Pay Off High-Interest Debt

It doesn’t make sense to start investing if you’ve still got high-interest debt like credit cards. Pay those off completely after establishing an emergency fund.

  • How To Consolidate and Refinance Credit Card Debt
  • How To Raise Your Credit Score Fast – The Ultimate Guide
  • How To Refinance Your Car Loan (Even With Bad Credit) – 4 Steps

3. Pick a Broker and Open an IRA

After that, you want to open up a tax-advantaged account like a Roth IRA to avoid having to give money to Uncle Sam unnecessarily. I compared Traditional and Roth IRAs here.

Hopefully you also have a 401(k) account available through your employer. Try to max out contributions to those. While you’re at it, you can see if your 401k investments are optimized with a free analysis from Blooom here.

You have to open up an IRA and access the stock market through a broker. Personally, I like M1 Finance. But I compared some others below:

  • The 5 Best Stock Brokers Online for Investing
  • The 4 Best Investing Apps for Beginners

Also open up an HSA (Health Savings Account) if you can.

4. Choose an Asset Allocation

Now that you’ve opened an investment account, it’s time to choose what to invest in. But before that, the more important choice is your portfolio asset allocation, the ratio among different asset types like stocks, bonds, gold, etc. based on your time horizon and tolerance for risk. Here’s how to choose an asset allocation:

  • Portfolio Asset Allocation by Age – Beginners to Retirees
  • Portfolio Risk Explained

5. Choose Assets (Use Index Funds!)

Finally, the fun part! Now you pick what you want to invest in. While picking individual stocks like Amazon, Apple, etc. may seem attractive, that’s objectively not the best approach.

The evidence has shown that even most professional investors can’t pick winners that beat the market over 10+ years, much less the average retail investor like you and me. On the 50th birthday of the S&P 500 index, only 86 of the original 500 companies remained. Blindfolded monkeys randomly throwing darts for stock picks have beaten top hedge fund managers not just once, but consistently. Successful day traders are extremely rare. A little speculation/picking is fine to keep things fun, just don’t do it with the bulk of your portfolio. This is why broad index funds like VOO and VTI are recommended so often.

To keep things interesting, you can put some picks at no more than 10% or so of your total portfolio if you want. Thankfully, this is extremely easy to set up with a broker like M1 Finance.

What about picking sectors like tech, financials, health care, etc?

Betting on sectors increases uncompensated risk – additional risk without an increase in expected return. You’re increasing your chances of underperforming the market. Some sectors will outperform and some will underperform. How do you know which ones will do which? And during what time periods? What about different economic cycles? Tech has had a huge run recently. Will it continue?

Again, stock picking doesn’t work. Sector bets are just stock picking lite – one small step removed. Buy the whole haystack instead of trying to find the needle. You get exposure to the success of any sector at any given time in a market index fund, while eliminating sector risk.

So now that you know why index funds are superior to stock picking and sector bets, you still have some choices to make. You can choose your own index funds, or if you don’t want to even worry about doing that, use a lazy portfolio. Invest early and often, and don’t try to time the market.

  • How To Invest in an Index Fund – The Best Index Funds
  • ETFs vs. Mutual Funds – Which Is Better for You?
  • How to Invest in the S&P 500 Index – 3 of the Best ETFs
  • The 9 Best Index Funds for Young Investors (4 From Vanguard)
  • The 6 Best Index Funds for Beginners for Long-Term Growth
  • VOO vs. VTI – Vanguard’s S&P 500 and Total Stock Market ETFs
  • 6 Best ESG ETFs for Responsible Investing
  • Portfolio Diversification – How To Diversify Your Portfolio
  • Market Timing – Time in the Market vs. Timing the Market
  • 23 Emotional and Cognitive Biases in Investing To Avoid

6. Diversify

Those with a shorter time horizon or a lower risk tolerance may want to diversify with other assets like bonds, REITs, and gold:

  • Portfolio Diversification – How To Diversify Your Portfolio
  • Portfolio Risk Explained
  • How To Buy Bonds Online: The Ultimate Guide for Beginners
  • The Best Vanguard Bond Funds – 11 Popular ETFs
  • Treasury Bonds vs. Corporate Bonds – The Showdown
  • The 5 Best REIT ETFs To Invest in Real Estate
  • Why and How To Invest in Gold for Beginners
  • The Best Bond Funds Out There – 13 ETFs
  • How To Raise Your Credit Score Fast – The Ultimate Guide
  • How To Shop for a Mortgage Lender To Get the Lowest Rate
  • The 7 Best Inflation Hedge Assets and ETFs
  • Tail Risk – What It Is and How To Hedge Against It

7. Invest in a Taxable Account

Maxing out your tax-advantaged retirement accounts is a great problem to have. After that, you can put any extra money in a normal taxable brokerage account. Investors wanting to invest to supplement their current income will also want a taxable account. Here’s how to invest in a taxable account in a tax-efficient way:

The 6 Best ETFs for Taxable Accounts (3 From Vanguard)

Income investors may have a different goal:

The Best M1 Finance Dividend Pie for FIRE & Income Investors

Don’t forget to harvest losses each year to defer taxes on gains and reduce taxable income.

8. Tweak as You See Fit

After you’ve got some experience under your belt (and new knowledge in your head), you may come across things like tilts and leverage. You can employ those things in your portfolio if you feel comfortable doing so:

  • The 7 Best Small Cap Value ETFs (3 From Vanguard)
  • The 5 Best Mid Cap ETFs (3 From Vanguard)
  • The Best Vanguard Growth Funds – 5 Popular ETFs
  • The 5 Best Tech ETFS To Get in on the Technology Boom
  • 6 Best ESG ETFs for Responsible Investing
  • The Best Vanguard Dividend Funds – 4 Popular ETFs
  • What Is a Leveraged ETF and How Do They Work?
  • The 9 Best Leveraged ETFs To Enhance Portfolio Exposure
  • Leveraged All Weather Portfolio
  • Leveraged Permanent Portfolio
  • Leveraged Golden Butterfly Portfolio
  • How To Beat the Market Using Leverage and Index Investing
  • Factor Investing and Factor ETFs – The Ultimate Guide
  • Sequence of Return Risk in Retirement Explained
  • The 4% Rule for Retirement Withdrawal Rate – A Revisitation
  • The 7 Best Inflation Hedge Assets and ETFs
  • Tail Risk – What It Is and How To Hedge Against It
  • How To Write an Investment Policy Statement – Template & Example

9. Save Where You Can

Start trimming expenses and getting cash back wherever possible to maximize your savings and investment capital. Also manage all your subscriptions, have your bills negotiated for you, and track spending with Truebill.

  • 9 Tips on How To Lower Your Car Insurance Premiums
  • How To Shop for a Mortgage Lender To Get the Lowest Rate
  • How To Raise Your Credit Score Fast – The Ultimate Guide
  • How To Consolidate and Refinance Credit Card Debt
  • How To Refinance Your Car Loan (Even With Bad Credit) – 4 Steps
  • M1 Spend Review – M1 Finance Checking Account & Debit Card
  • M1 Finance Credit Card Review – Is It Worth It? Maybe
  • Tax Loss Harvesting To Defer Taxes – The Ultimate Guide

10. Sit Back and Relax, and Rebalance Annually

Don’t try to time the market. Buy and hold. Stay the course. Ignore the short-term noise. Invest regularly. Check your biases. Stick to your investment policy statement. Sit back and watch your portfolio grow, and rebalance it annually. Rebalancing refers to buying underweight positions and selling overweight positions to get your portfolio back to its target asset allocation.

For example, suppose you have a portfolio of 50% stocks and 50% bonds. If after one year your stocks position increases in value by 10% and the bonds position decreases by 10%, the asset allocation after one year will be 55/45. Rebalancing sells the 10% in stocks and buys 10% in bonds to get you back to 50/50. Only do this after 366 days in a taxable account to avoid short-term capital gains taxes.

Thankfully, M1 Finance has a cool dynamic rebalancing feature, automatically directing new deposits to underweight assets to keep your portfolio on track without having to manually rebalance. If you need to manually rebalance, they have a 1-click “Rebalance” button that keeps things easy.

Don’t want to do all this investing stuff yourself or feel overwhelmed? Check out my flat-fee-only fiduciary friends over at Advisor.com.


Disclosures:  I am long VOO in my own portfolio.

Interested in more Lazy Portfolios? See the full list here.

Disclaimer:  While I love diving into investing-related data and playing around with backtests, I am in no way a certified expert. I have no formal financial education. I am not a financial advisor, portfolio manager, or accountant. This is not financial advice, investing advice, or tax advice. The information on this website is for informational and recreational purposes only. Investment products discussed (ETFs, mutual funds, etc.) are for illustrative purposes only. It is not a recommendation to buy, sell, or otherwise transact in any of the products mentioned. Do your own due diligence. Past performance does not guarantee future returns. Read my lengthier disclaimer here.

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Don't want to do all this investing stuff yourself or feel overwhelmed? Check out my flat-fee-only fiduciary friends over at Advisor.com.

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About John Williamson

Analytical and entrepreneurial-minded data nerd, usability enthusiast, Boglehead, and Oxford comma advocate. I lead the Paid Search marketing efforts at Gild Group. I'm not a big fan of social media, but you can find me on LinkedIn and Reddit.

Reader Interactions

Comments

  1. Jim says

    September 16, 2022 at 10:07 am

    Really love the content and the YouTube videos. That said, I have yet to see a video capturing your investment style or portfolio. Is that by design? Just curious.

    Reply
    • John Williamson says

      September 17, 2022 at 11:56 pm

      Ginger Ale Portfolio

      Reply
  2. Robert says

    May 20, 2022 at 9:52 am

    It was a great day when I found your site. Thank you.
    I am 73yo my IRA is in cash since 2020.
    Volatility is unnerving at this time.
    Advisors I have met with advise getting into various funds and hold.
    Are several short term treasury funds a better option or where can I look for more advice.
    Again TYVM.

    Reply
    • John Williamson says

      May 20, 2022 at 11:17 pm

      Thanks for the kind words, Robert! I can’t provide personalized advice. I bonds, short TIPS, and T bills are about the safest things one can buy. They are all forms of U.S. government bonds.

      Reply
  3. Stephen Brook says

    March 27, 2022 at 11:29 am

    Great Read. I do have a question on my situation. I am 50 years old, a 100 percent service connected disable veteran who pays no taxes. So. My monthly income is $3,332 plus Social Security of $1,494 equaling $4,826 per month tax free. I own a Home and again pay no property taxes. I have No Bills and have your typical bills to pay Phone, Electric, groceries totaling under $2000 a month. Also, $150,000 in the Savings account. So, do I still need a Roth IRA? I keep reading how REIT’S are the way to invest.
    What would you suggest as a Veteran to do in my situation on investing? And what Brokage to use.
    Thank You, Stephen

    Reply
    • John Williamson says

      March 28, 2022 at 4:32 pm

      Thanks for sharing, Stephen. An IRA provides tax-free growth so it’s usually a no-brainer for most. I can’t provide personalized advice though. Consider sitting down with a financial professional for an hour or so.

      Reply
  4. chee tji hun says

    November 20, 2021 at 11:39 pm

    Thank you for sharing the strategies and executions options on this site, It is not everyday that we get to read well thought out and thought provoking articles that are not about making a buck for the content producer.

    I was wondering if you have considered using futures contracts instead of leveraged ETFs as a way of avoiding volatility decay.

    Reply
    • John Williamson says

      November 21, 2021 at 12:00 am

      Thanks for the comment!

      Futures are too much of a headache for me to manage. On paper, they make sense for someone who wants to put in the time and effort.

      Reply
  5. Greg Hoing says

    June 19, 2021 at 1:43 pm

    First, I want to take you for all your work. This is a really great thing you have put together. I have used a couple of different ones of these portfolios in my traditional IRA and 401k accounts
    I have a Roth IRA and want to set up a “set it and forget it portfolio” My question is are there any portfolios that are geared to the ROTH IRA meaning makes good use of the never pay any taxes on gains. I know most portfolios want to go to the best tax advantaged ETS and funds. I would like to take advantage of this perk of the ROTH. Sounds kind of strange I want higher frequency trading, no tax advantage and more income dividends. But I most want lower volitivity Like we get in the Index’s
    . Is this even possible?
    Thanks again Greg

    Reply
    • John Williamson says

      June 19, 2021 at 5:50 pm

      Broadly speaking, any Value- or dividend-tilted portfolio is better suited for a tax-advantaged account, so Ben Felix, Merriman, Swedroe, Ginger Ale, Maurer, Vigorous Value, etc.

      Reply
  6. Jeanne Shackleford says

    May 29, 2021 at 1:37 pm

    Thank you for all your hard work because I have been searching for months for what you have answered in minutes! You say to “max out contributions to 401K” (assuming it’s a quality one). However, if one does not have index funds to choose from the ESP, would not he/she be better off to only contribute to the “matched” amount and invest in index funds elsewhere?

    Reply
    • John Williamson says

      May 30, 2021 at 3:17 pm

      You’re welcome! Glad you’ve found it useful.

      To answer your question, not really, unless you can open a Solo 401k or SEP IRA with self-employment income. Can’t really get the $19,500 of employee tax-deductible contributions elsewhere. IRA limit is $6k. Ideally, one would take full advantage of that tax-advantaged space every year.

      There’s no way to create a diversified stocks/bonds portfolio with the funds available in your 401k? Plans are required to provide at least 3 investment choices, and the plan sponsor is held to the fiduciary standard.

      You could also check the rollover eligibility requirements from the 401k plan sponsor, as then you’d be able to put those funds in your IRA and invest in whatever you want. You’re allowed one 401k rollover every 12 months, but most plans require termination of employment to be eligible to withdraw.

      Reply
      • Jeanne Shackleford says

        June 1, 2021 at 4:09 pm

        Ok I realize that the tax advantage is worth it! I just want to be sure that the funds available are as good as the ones you and other portfolios on the site have. My ESP offers VTIAX (Total Int’l Stock Index), VPMAX (US lg blend), and VIMSX (US Small and Mid Cap Index). Additionally, I have $450,000 to invest in mutual funds, so I’m trying to aggressively allocate my investments (I’m debt-free). You mention VOO, VIOV, VEA, VWO, and AVDV but of course those aren’t available in my ESP. Should I contribute to these 3 ESP or just one or two and allocate the rest to the suggested ones for the aggressive allocation?
        Thank you for all your time!

        Reply
        • John Williamson says

          June 1, 2021 at 5:12 pm

          So all those mutual funds should have ETF equivalents. Off the top of my head without looking them up, VTIAX is VTI, VPMAX should be VOO, and VIMSX should be VO. ETFs aren’t more “aggressive” than mutual funds; they’re just slightly different vehicles.

          Reply
  7. Kris says

    April 14, 2021 at 7:00 am

    Great website John!
    You are spreading knowledge that has taken me years to learn and I’m still learning new things here.
    Just like you I like to backtest. “Past performance doesn’t guarantee future …” Yes … But it does give an idea.

    I’m now wondering if Bitcoin is ready to become part of one of the diversification elements. It’s being mentioned and if enough people believe it to be the ‘ potential saviour for hyper inflation’. The big issue here is that we don’t have data to backtest.

    What is your view on this?
    And when taking the historical data issue out of the equation, would you consider Bitcoin as a potential portfolio diversifier?

    Reply
    • John Williamson says

      April 14, 2021 at 8:32 am

      Kris, thanks for the kind words!

      Admittedly I don’t know enough about the nuances of Bitcoin to intelligently comment on it much. But broadly speaking, so far, like gold, it is neither a reliable medium of exchange nor a stable store of value due to its extreme price volatility, and it is not a value-producing asset like stocks and bonds, therefore we would expect it to have a long-term real return of zero. While it’s not a commodity, I delved into this idea a bit here.

      So for me, like gold, Bitcoin has no place in my long-term investment portfolio.

      In general too, the future of Bitcoin is quite uncertain, and seems highly dependent on its acceptance, legality, and widespread adoption despite its shortcomings of being a decentralized currency. As a medium of exchange, so far it only seems to appear attractive to those wanting to keep their transactions anonymous. Any bets on it are pure speculation, and I try to leave speculation out of my portfolio as much as I can.

      But is it possible that Bitcoin still offers some volatility and risk reduction in a broadly diversified portfolio? Absolutely. So just like gold, that alone may warrant its inclusion for the risk-averse investor.

      Reply

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